Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ʻEulopa no kāna hoʻolālā nani, akā aia kekahi o nā kula hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa a me ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Inā makemake ʻoe i ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻolālā a makemake ʻoe e ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia kumuhana, ua hōʻuluʻulu mākou i kahi papa inoa o 15 o nā koleke a me nā kulanui maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa.
Hāʻawi kēia mau kula i nā papa i ka hoʻolālā a me nā kula pili, me ka hoʻolālā o loko a me ka hoʻolālā ʻāina. Hāʻawi kekahi i nā kekelē ma ka hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale a i ʻole ka mālama mōʻaukala.
E hāʻawi kēia mau kula iā ʻoe i kumu paʻa i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻomohala i kāu mau akamai hana. Loaʻa iā lākou nā hale hana maikaʻi loa, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kāu hana ma kahi ʻoi loa.
Ke aʻo nei i ka Architecture ma ʻEulopa
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoikaika nui ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hale hana ma ʻEulopa. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka noʻonoʻo a me nā mea hou e kū nei ma ka ʻāina ʻē aʻe, me nā mea hoʻolālā e hoʻokau mau nei i nā palena o ka spatiality a me nā mea waiwai e hana i nā ʻano ʻōlelo hou.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, inā ʻoe e ʻimi nei i kahi manawa e aʻo ai pehea e noʻonoʻo ai e like me ka mea hoʻolālā i ka wā mua o kāu ʻoihana a loaʻa pū kekahi ʻike lima lima i kahi stint ma kekahi o nā kula maikaʻi loa o ʻEulopa.
He ʻāina ʻokoʻa ʻo ʻEulopa, he nui nā moʻomeheu like ʻole, hoʻokele waiwai, a me nā kuʻuna. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ma kāna hoʻolālā ʻana, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka honua.
He Manaʻo Hoʻolālā
kuhikuhipuʻuone ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale, nā alahaka, a me nā hale ʻē aʻe. Aia pū kekahi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale e hoʻohiwahiwa iā lākou, ʻoluʻolu, a palekana hoʻi no ko lākou poʻe kamaʻāina.
Loaʻa i nā Architects ka mana hana e:
- E hoʻoholo i nā pilikia paʻakikī ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka hale
- E hoʻolālā i nā manaʻo
- Hana i nā hiʻohiʻona
- E hoʻolālā i nā hoʻolālā
- E hoʻoholo i nā koina
- Kūkākūkā me nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea hana ʻaelike
- E nānā i ka hana kūkulu hale
- E hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā ʻano āpau o kahi hale i kāna mau koi hana (e laʻa, nā ana palekana ahi)
- Ka nānā ʻana i nā papa hana mālama hale, nā paia o waho, etc.
- mālama i nā moʻolelo o nā papahana i hoʻopau ʻia i ka manawa i hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia i nā papahana e hiki mai ana inā pono.
Manaʻo nā mea kālai'āina i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kaiapuni a me ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai, pono e hoʻomanaʻo mau ʻia kēia mau mea ʻelua i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i kekahi papahana no ka mea pili lākou i nā mea a pau e pili ana, nā mea kūʻai aku e makemake i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona i loko o ko lākou hale/ʻoihana (e laʻa, loko loko) a me nā mea hoʻomohala e hoʻāʻo nei e loaʻa ka ʻae mai nā luna aupuni ma mua o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale hou/keʻena kokoke i nā hale e kū nei, etc.
Ka papa inoa o nā kula Architecture maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa
Aia ma lalo kahi papa inoa o nā kula hoʻolālā 15 maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa:
- Ke Kulanui o ke Kulanuiʻo London
- ʻO Delft University of Technology
- ʻO Zurich
- Kulanui o Cambridge
- ʻO Politecnico di Milano
- Ke KulaʻOihana o Manchester
- Lancaster University
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
- Technische Universitat Berlin
- Kulanui ʻenehana ʻo Munich
- Ke Kulanui o Sheffield
- ʻO Politecnico di Torino
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
15 ʻO nā kula ʻo Architecture maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa
1. Ke Kulanui o ke Kulanuiʻo London
- Kālā: $10,669
- aina: Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia
ʻO University College London (UCL) kekahi o nā kula nui o ka honua a he lālā o ka Russell Group.
Hāʻawi ke kula i nā kekelē ma ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻolālā, ka hoʻolālā, ka ʻepekema, a me ka ʻenehana a me nā kumuhana ʻē aʻe.
Ua koho ʻia ka Bartlett School of Architecture ma UCL ma UK no ka mana noiʻi e like me nā hopena Research Excellence Framework i paʻi ʻia e ka nūpepa The Guardian ma 2017.
Aia ma luna o ke kula he 30 mau limahana hoʻonaʻauao piha, me 15 mau kumu. Haʻaheo ʻo UCL iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he hui honua a hoʻokipa i nā haumāna mai 150 mau ʻāina.
Hāʻawi ke kulanui i kahi ākea o nā papa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a postgraduate, a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana i ka hoʻolālā, hoʻolālā, a me ka hoʻolālā.
2. ʻO Delft University of Technology
- Kālā: $ 2,196- $ 6,261
- aina: ʻO Netherlands
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Dutch Technical University of Delft i ka makahiki 1842, a ʻo ia ke kulanui ʻenehana kahiko loa ma Netherlands.
ʻO ia kekahi o nā kulanui ʻehā wale nō e hāʻawi ana i nā papahana ʻenekinia ʻekolu: civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering.
He kūlana maikaʻi loa ke kula hoʻolālā hale ma ke Kulanui o ʻenehana ʻo Delft no ka hana ʻana i nā haumāna puka kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻike hohonu o ka ʻenehana kūkulu hale.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā haumāna ma ko lākou pā kula home ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻia ʻana e noho i nā hoʻokolohua e like me ka hapa nui o nā kula ʻē aʻe. Kōkua kēia iā lākou e loaʻa i ka ʻike lima i ka wā mua o kā lākou ʻoihana a hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau mea hou i ka wā e aʻo ai i waho.
3 E Zurich
- Kālā: $735
- aina: Kuikilana
ʻO ETH Zurich kahi kulanui ʻepekema, ʻenehana, ʻenekinia, a me ka makemakika ma Switzerland.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kulanui i ka makahiki 1855 a loaʻa iā ia kahi inoa honua no ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻonaʻauao.
Ma waho aʻe o kāna mau ʻano aʻo like ʻole, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ETH Zurich ʻo ia kekahi o nā kula kiʻekiʻe no ka ʻenehana a me nā ʻepekema kūlohelohe ma ʻEulopa.
Hāʻawi kēia keʻena i nā haumāna i nā manawa e aʻo ai i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ko lākou wikiwiki ma o kāna kula hoʻolālā kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke aʻo e pili ana i kēia kumuhana ma o nā papahana hana a i ʻole ma o nā haʻawina i hāʻawi ʻia e nā kumu loea i loea i nā pilikia hoʻolālā e like me ka hoʻolālā kūkulu ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā urbanism/spatial.
4. Kulanui o Cambridge
- Kālā: $37,029
- aina: Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia
ʻO ke Kulanui o Cambridge kekahi o nā kula kahiko loa ma ka honua, a aia ma East Anglia ma United Kingdom. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Cambridge e Henry II ma 1209 ma ke ʻano he monastery Benedictine no nā haumāna o ka ʻepekema a me ke kānāwai.
I kēia lā, aia ma luna o 20 mau koleke a me nā keʻena me kekahi mau mea kaulana e like me Gonville & Caius College, King's College (Cambridge), Queens 'College (Cambridge), Trinity College (Cambridge), a me Pembroke Hall, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 9,000 mau haumāna e aʻo ana i ka hoʻolālā ma pae lae a i ʻole pae puka ma kāna Faculty of Architecture & Landscape Design.
He kūlana maikaʻi loa ko ke kulanui no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻolālā maikaʻi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e nā ʻoihana alakaʻi e like me Jamieson Miller Architects a i ʻole Denton Corker Marshall Architects Limited.
5. Politecnico di Milano
- Kālā: $ 1,026- $ 4,493
- aina: Ikalia
ʻO ka Politecnico di Milano kekahi o nā kula hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa. Me ke kulanui kiʻekiʻe a me kekahi o nā kulanui hanohano loa ma ʻEulopa, ua kōkua kēia kula i ke ʻano o kekahi o nā mea hoʻolālā alakaʻi o kēia lā.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Politecnico di Milano i ka makahiki 1802 ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi ʻoihana aupuni nui i kapa ʻia ʻo "the Polytechnic Institute," i kapa hou ʻia ma hope o ka hui ʻana o Italia ma lalo o ka Mōʻī Victor Emmanuel III.
I kēia lā, hana kūʻokoʻa ʻo ia mai nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe a hāʻawi i nā kekelē laepua me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenekinia kahi hui kū hoʻokahi i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe o Italia (e kūʻē i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe he nui).
Hāʻawi pū ke kulanui i nā papahana postgraduate e uhi ana i nā wahi e like me ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻokele kūkulu ʻana, ka hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale, nā ʻenehana media a me ka moʻomeheu, ka hoʻolālā huahana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomohala hoʻomau, ka mōʻaukala hana a me nā haʻawina archeology/hoʻoilina, etc.)
6. Ke Kula Hoʻolālā ʻo Manchester
- Kālā: $10,687
- aina: Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Manchester School of Architecture ma 2004 e kahi hui o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao i makemake e hana i kahi ʻano kula hoʻolālā hou.
Ke ʻimi nei lākou i nā ala e haʻalele ai i nā ʻano aʻo kuʻuna a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī i laha ʻia ma nā kula ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻonui ke kulanui i kāna kōpili me ʻekolu mau pā kula hou a me kahi hale hou ma ka pā kula i hoʻolaʻa wale ʻia i kāna Design Research Lab (DRL).
Ma kahi o kāna DRL, hāʻawi ʻo MSA i nā papa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻolālā a me nā papahana puka no nā mea kākau a me nā mea hoʻolālā.
Ma ke ʻano o ka haʻawina, ʻike ʻia ʻo MSA no kāna kūpaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻokolohua i loko o nā papahana noiʻi hoʻolālā ʻoiai ke koho nui ʻana i ka mea a lākou e ʻae ai i kā lākou papahana he ʻelima wale nō pakeneka o nā mea noi i ʻae ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
7. Ke Kulanui o Lancaster
- Kālā: $23,034
- aina: Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia
ʻO ke Kulanui ʻo Lancaster kahi kula nui i alakaʻi ʻia i ka noiʻi me kahi pā kula nui. Ua helu ʻia ma luna o UK no ka hoʻolālā ʻana e QS World University Rankings ma 2016 a me 2017.
Hāʻawi ke kulanui i nā papahana kekelē ma ka pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, postgraduate level, a me nā degere noiʻi. Ua koho ʻia ke keʻena ʻo Architecture a me ka Hoʻolālā ma ka papa kiʻekiʻe o 10 mau keʻena hou loa ma ka honua e Times Higher Education (THE) mai 2013.
Hiki i nā haumāna ke koho ma luna o 30 mau kumuhana i loko o ka ʻepekema hale kūkulu hale a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me nā papa papa ʻole e like me nā papa pōkole e pili ana i nā kumuhana e like me ka hoʻomau a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale i loaʻa i loko o ka makahiki.
8. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
- Kālā: $736
- aina: Kuikilana
He kulanui noiʻi lehulehu ʻo SFT Lausanne ma Lausanne, Switzerland. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kulanui e ka Swiss Confederation a hāʻawi i nā papahana laepua a puka puka ma ka ʻenekinia, biology, a me ka ʻepekema kamepiula.
Aia ma luna o ke kula 15000 mau haumāna mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua e hele mai e aʻo ma SFT Lausanne no ka mea makemake lākou e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka Architecture a i ʻole nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā.
ʻO ia kekahi o nā kula ʻenekinia nui loa ma Switzerland kahi e hāʻawi ai lākou i nā kekelē laepua ma o 3 mau ala like ʻole: ʻenekinia kīwila (Bachelor in Architecture), hoʻolālā ʻenehana (Bachelor in Industrial Design), a i ʻole ʻenehana kaiapuni me nā loea e like me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ikehu a me nā hoʻonā hoʻomohala hoʻomau. no nā ʻoihana a puni ia honua me USA & UK, etc.
9. KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Kālā: $8,971
- aina: Kuekene
ʻO KTH Royal Institute of Technology kekahi o nā kula Architecture kiʻekiʻe ma ʻEulopa a ua helu ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā kula maikaʻi loa ma Sweden.
Aia ia ma Stockholm, Kuekene, a hāʻawi i nā papahana Bachelor's Degree ma ka hoʻolālā; Nā papahana Master's Degree ma ka hale hana, nā papahana Doctoral Degree ma ka hoʻokele hoʻolālā hale.
Hāʻawi ke kula i kahi papahana lae pua i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia i loko o ʻekolu mau makahiki ma ka hapa nui (ʻehā mau makahiki inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi haʻawina piha).
Pono ke kēkelē i ka helu haʻahaʻa o nā papa e alakaʻi ana i kāu papahana hope a i ʻole ka ʻatikala e pili ana i nā hana kikoʻī i loiloi ʻia e nā lālā kumu a me nā hoa ma ka pā kula i kāu makahiki hope ma KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
10. Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
- Kālā: $5,270
- aina: Kepania
Aia ka Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC) ma Barcelona, Sepania. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1968 a loaʻa iā 10,000 mau haumāna.
Ua koho ʻia ʻo UPC ma ke ʻano o nā kula kiʻekiʻe ma Sepania a ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ke kulanui maikaʻi loa no Architecture e Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019.
Hāʻawi ʻo UPC i ʻehā mau kēkelē laepua: Civil Engineering; Hooponopono kukulu; Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā a me nā haʻawina kūlanakauhale; Hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale a me ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā.
Hāʻawi pū ke kula i nā kekelē haku ma Architecture (me nā loea), Urban Design & Development Management, a i ʻole Construction Management ma kā lākou School of Engineering & Architecture (SeA).
Loaʻa iā lākou kahi papahana hoʻolālā pūnaewele ma o SeA e hiki ai i nā haumāna ke aʻo mai nā wahi a puni ka honua.
11. Technische Universitat Berlin
- Kālā: $5,681
- aina: Kelemānia
ʻO Technische Universitat Berlin kekahi o nā kula kahiko o ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma ka honua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1879 a aia ma Berlin mai ia manawa.
I kēia lā, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kula nui a hanohano o Kelemania no ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe, me nā haumāna 5,000 e hele ana i nā papa i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
He moʻolelo lōʻihi ka maikaʻi o ke kula i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kāna poʻe puka kula kekahi o nā mea kākau kaulana loa o Kelemania (e like me Michael Graves), nāna i kōkua i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻia ʻana o nā hale hou i kēia lā.
He home nō hoʻi ia no nā mea kālai kiʻi akamai i lanakila i nā makana ma nā pae ʻāina a me nā pae honua ma luna o kā lākou ʻoihana a aia kēia papa inoa i nā inoa e like me Frank Gehry, Rem Koolhaas, a me Norman Foster.
12. Ke Kulanui ʻenehana Munich
- Kālā: $1,936
- aina: Kelemānia
He kulanui noiʻi lehulehu ʻo Technical University Munich ma München, Kelemānia.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1868 a ua koho ʻia i waena o nā kula maikaʻi loa ma ka honua e QS World University Rankings mai 2010.
Aia ma luna o 40,000 mau haumāna a me 3,300 mau lālā kumu o ke kulanui.
Hāʻawi ke kula hoʻolālā ma ke Kulanui ʻOihana ʻo Munich i nā kekelē ʻelima makahiki i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ka hoʻolālā hale, ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomohala huahana (DIP), ka hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale a me ka hoʻolālā ʻāina (ZfA), a me ka urbanism & environmental management (URW).
13. Ke Kulanui o Sheffield
- Kālā: $10,681
- aina: Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻia
Aia ke Kulanui o Sheffield ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Sheffield, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Steel City".
Ua puni ia mai ka makahiki 1841 a hāʻawi i nā ʻano papahana hoʻonaʻauao no nā haumāna haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ke kula hoʻolālā ma kēia kulanui ua puni ʻo ia ma mua o 100 mau makahiki a hāʻawi i kahi ʻano o nā papa e uhi ana i nā ʻano āpau o ka hoʻolālā mai ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka hoʻokele kūkulu.
Ua kaena pū kekahi o nā hui haumāna nui loa o ʻEulopa me nā haumāna 5,000 i kākau inoa ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki!
He kulanui noiʻi nui ke Kulanui o Sheffield me 2,200 mau limahana limahana a me 7,000 mau haumāna postgraduate.
He nui nā ʻano noiʻi o ke kula me ka Advanced Manufacturing Research Center (AMRC), e hana pū ana me ka ʻoihana e hana i nā huahana i pono no nā mea hana.
14. Politecnico di Torino
- Kālā: $3,489
- aina: Ikalia
He kulanui aupuni ka Politecnico di Torino ma Turin, Italia. Hāʻawi ke kulanui i ka hoʻonaʻauao ma ka ʻenekinia, ka hoʻolālā, ka hoʻolālā, a me ka ʻepekema.
Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā haumāna ma mua o 5,000 o ka Politecnico di Torino ma kāna mau kula ʻehā: Politecnico School of Architecture, Politecnico School of Industrial Design, Faculty of Engineering, a me University Center for Advanced Studies.
Hāʻawi pū ka Politecnico di Torino i nā haʻawina post-graduate, me ka Master of Science degree in Engineering and Architecture.
Aia nā kikowaena noiʻi o ke kulanui i ka Automotive Design Center, Advanced Manufacturing Research Center, a me Turin Urban Observatory.
15. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
- Kālā: $ 919- $ 3,480
- aina: Pelekiuma
ʻO Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke Kulanui o Leuven, ʻo ia ke kulanui nui loa ma Belgium.
Ma ke ʻano he hale Katolika, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ma waena o nā kulanui maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻolālā ʻana e QS World University Rankings a me Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
Ua hoʻi ka mōʻaukala o ke kula i ka makahiki 1425 i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kona precursor e Louise o Savoy: makemake ʻo ia e wehe i kahi kulanui no nā wahine i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻepekema a me ke kānāwai.
Ua luku ʻia ke kahua kumu i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II akā ua kūkulu hou ʻia ma hope o 1945 me ke kākoʻo mai ka Mōʻī Leopold III o Belgium, i kēia lā he ʻehiku mau kumu e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao ma ka pae postgraduate ma waena o nā kula āpau me ka hoʻolālā.
Pinepine ninau ninaninau 'ana i
ʻEhia mau makahiki o ka papa hana hale?
ʻEhā mau makahiki e hoʻopau ai ke kēkelē laepua a loaʻa i kahi makahiki kumu (ʻelua makahiki mua), a ma hope o ʻekolu mau makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo no ke kēkelē laepua i kēlā me kēia manawa i kāu ʻoihana kulanui, akā ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia e hana ʻoe pēlā i ka wā hiki loa i hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka ʻike waiwai ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā haʻawina postgraduate a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kāu ʻoihana ʻoihana.
He aha nā koi komo no kahi papa hoʻolālā?
ʻOkoʻa nā koi komo ma muli o ke ʻano, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke noi nei ʻoe a ma kahi o ʻEulopa āu e makemake ai e aʻo, akā naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kulanui ʻEulopa e koi i ka hoʻokō haʻawina kiʻekiʻe mai kā lākou mea noi e komo pū ana me GCSEs grade AC a i ʻole nā pepa like mai kahi hoʻokolokolo ʻike honua. papa e like me OCR/Edexcel a me nā hana extracurricular e like me ka hāʻawi manawaleʻa ʻana i ka ʻike hana i loko o nā kaiāulu kūloko (e kōkua i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kuhikuhi).
He aha nā manaʻo o ka ʻoihana no kahi haumāna puka kula?
E hele pinepine ana nā poʻe puka kula kiʻekiʻe e lilo i poʻe kālai kiʻi, akā nui nā hana ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻoihana pū kekahi—mai nā luna papahana (nāna e mālama i nā papahana kūkulu) a i nā mea hoʻolālā hale (nāna i hoʻolālā hale). Ke kūpono ʻoe ma ke ʻano he mea kākau, nui nā manawa hana i loaʻa iā ʻoe-me nā hana i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana ma ke kūkākūkā a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā ʻana; ʻo ka mea hope e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻaha kūkā kūloko i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale a i ʻole kahi wahi e like me kona pono.
ʻEhia ka uku o ka ʻoihana ma ka hale hana?
ʻO ka uku maʻamau no ka mea kākau hale he £29,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, e pili ana nā mea he nui i ka nui āu e loaʻa ai me kahi āu e hana ai a me ke ʻano o ka pae o kāu ʻike.
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Ka Hopena:
ʻO ka honua o ka hale hoʻolālā kekahi o nā kahua hoihoi loa ma waho. ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hale a i ʻole nā wahi akā e pili ana i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ko mākou noho ʻana i ka pilina o kekahi i kekahi, a me ke ʻano o ko mākou mau hale.
Eia hou, leʻaleʻa nui ka poʻe kālai kiʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā hana kūkulu ʻana mai nā panela metala composite a hiki i ke aniani fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC).
ʻO ka mea wale nō i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hale hoʻolālā ma waho ʻo ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kulanui honua me nā papahana i aʻo ʻia e nā poʻe loea mai nā wahi a pau o ka honua!
