Ukuba namakhono aqinile okuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi kubalulekile ekukhulumisaneni okuphumelelayo. Ngokuvamile, izimpawu ezingasho lutho zisetshenziswa ngokungazi futhi ngokuqaphela ukudlulisa imilayezo.
Ukuxhumana okungenazwi kungasetshenziswa ukudlulisa ulwazi oluningi kunezinye izindlela zokuxhumana. U-Albert Mehrabian uphakamisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kungamaphesenti angama-55 ngokungakhulumi, angama-38% ngomlomo, futhi u-7% ubhalwa kuphela.
Nakuba sijwayele ukuqaphela ukuxhumana ngamazwi nokubhala, ukuxhumana okungenazwi kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokungazi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana ngaphandle kwamazwi ukugwema ukuxhumana okungenampumelelo.
Kulo mhlahlandlela, uzofunda incazelo yamakhono okuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi, izibonelo nezinhlobo zokuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi, izinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo yokuxhumana okungasho lutho, nokuthi ungawathuthukisa kanjani amakhono akho okuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi.
Okuqukethwe
Ayini Amakhono Okuxhumana Okungakhulumi?
Ukuxhumana okungasho lutho kubhekisela ohlelweni lokudlulisa umyalezo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amagama, okukhulunywayo noma okubhaliwe. Kulolu hlobo lokuxhumana, imilayezo idluliswa ngokuthintana kwamehlo, ukusondelana, ukunyakaza komzimba, ukubukeka, njll.
Amakhono okuxhumana angakhulumi yikhono lokufaka ikhodi kanye nokukhipha amasignali angamazwi.
Umbhalo wekhodi yikhono lokuveza imizwa ngendlela umamukeli angakwazi ukuyihumusha ngokunembile imilayezo.
Ukukhipha amakhodi yikhono lokuthatha imizwa ebhalwe ngekhodi futhi uhumushe incazelo yayo ngokunembile kulokho umthumeli abekuhlosile.
Izinhlobo Zokuxhumana Okungakhulumi
Kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko zokuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi, okuyilezi:
- I-Kinesics
- Ama-Haptics
- Amagama
- Amaproxemics
- Ukubukeka Komuntu Siqu
- I-Chronemics
- Environment Environment
1. I-Kinesics
I-Kinesics ihilela ukusetshenziswa kokuthinta umzimba, ukuma komzimba, ukubonana kwamehlo, nesimo sobuso njengokuxhumana okungenazwi.
Ukuthinta
Ukuthinta kungase kuhlukaniswe ngama-adaptha, izifanekiselo, nama-illustrators.
Izixhumi:
Ama-adaptha asetshenziswa ngokungenhloso futhi awanayo incazelo ethile kubo bobabili umthumeli nomamukeli. Kubonisa ukuthi umuntu ubhekene nokukhathazeka noma ukungakhululeki.
Lezi zindlela zokuziphatha kungaba ukuzijwayeza ukuzijwayeza isib, ukukhwehlela, ukususa umphimbo njll noma ama-adaptha ezinto isib. ukucindezela ama-smartphone, ukudlala ngepeni, ukuthinta izinwele zakho, njll.
Izifanekiselo:
Izifanekiselo yizimpawu ezinezincazelo ezithile. Angakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni samagama ngokuphelele.
Isibonelo, ungakwazi ukunyakazisa izandla zakho, kunokuthi “Usale kahle” noma “Sawubona.” Ngokufanayo, e-US, ukushaphu kungashintsha igama elithi “Kulungile!”
Ngokungafani nama-adaptha, izifanekiselo zisetshenziswa ngenhloso futhi zinezincazelo ezithile kumthumeli nomamukeli.
Abadwebi bezithombe
Imifanekiso iwukuthinta komzimba okusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa imiyalezo yomlomo ezihambisana nayo. Ngokungafani nezifanekiselo, Abadwebi bezithombe abanayo eyabo incazelo.
Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa ukuthinta kwesandla ukukhombisa usayizi noma umumo wento.
Ukuma komzimba
Ukuma komzimba kuyizimpawu ezingasho lutho ongazisebenzisa ukuze ukhulume nemizwa yakho noma udlulise ulwazi.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuma komzimba, okuwukuma okuvulekile nokuvala.
Isimo esivulekile singasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana ngokuvuleleka noma intshisekelo kulokho okushiwo othile. Izibonelo zokuma okuvulekile imilenze engaphambanisiwe, izingalo ezingaphambanisiwe, njll.
Ukuma okuvaliwe kungabonisa ukwethuka kanye nokuntula isithakazelo kulokho umuntu akushoyo. Izibonelo zokuma okuvaliwe yizingalo eziphambanayo, imilenze ephambanisiwe, izingalo phambi komzimba, njll.
Ukuxhumana Kwamehlo
I-Oculesics isifundo sokuthi ukuziphatha kwamehlo kukuthinta kanjani ukuxhumana. Ukubukana ngeso kunomthelela omkhulu ekuxhumaneni.
Ukubheka amehlo (ungagqolozeli) kubonisa isithakazelo kulokho omunye umuntu akushoyo. Nakuba ukungabi nantshisekelo kungaqashelwa lapho kunokuthintana kwamehlo okuncane noma kungenakho.
Isimo sobuso
Isimo sobuso sibhekisela ekuhambeni kwemisipha yobuso ukudlulisa imiyalezo.
Ubuso bethu buyakwazi ukuveza imizwa eyahlukene njengenjabulo, ukudabuka, ukwesaba, intukuthelo, ukungakhululeki, njll.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhwaqabala kubonisa ukuthi uthukuthele. Ngokufanayo, ubuso obumomothekayo bubonisa ukuthi ujabule.
2. I-Haptics
I-Haptics isho indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo ngokuthintana. Kuyisifundo sokuthintana njengokuxhumana okungenazwi.
Ama-Haptics angahlukaniswa abe ngamaleveli amane, okuyilawa:
- Izinga Lokusebenza/Lobungcweti
- Izinga lomphakathi/elihloniphekile
- Izinga lobungane/Imfudumalo
- Izinga lothando/Ukusondelana
Ukuntuleka kwamakhono okuxhumana angakhulumi ahlobene nokuthinta kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi. Isibonelo, uma uthinta ubulili obuhlukile ngokungafanele, ungajeziswa ngokuhlukumeza ngokocansi.
3. Amagama
Iphimbo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-paralanguage, ibandakanya ukudlulisa imiyalezo ngephimbo, iphimbo, ivolumu, izinga lokukhuluma, ikhwalithi yezwi, nezigcwalisi zamazwi.
Pitch: Iphimbo lisho ukuphakama noma ukwehla kwezwi
Ithoni: Iphimbo yindlela okhuluma ngayo nomuntu
Volume: Ivolumu ihlobene namandla, ukushuba, ukucindezela, noma amandla ezwi
Isilinganiso sokukhuluma: Izinga lokukhuluma limane nje liyijubane okhuluma ngalo okungukuthi ukuthi umuntu ukhuluma ngokushesha kangakanani noma uyanensa
Izigcwalisi zamazwi: Izigcwalisi ngamazwi ziyimisindo noma amagama asetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi othile uyama ukuze acabange.
4. Ama-Proxemics
I-Proxemics wucwaningo lwendlela esisebenzisa ngayo indawo kanye nemiphumela yaso ekuxhumaneni. Kubhekiselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo nebanga njengendlela yokuxhumana.
Ama-Proxemics angahlukaniswa abe yizindawo ezine ezinkulu, okuyizindawo ezisondelene, ezomuntu siqu, ezomphakathi kanye nezindawo zomphakathi.
Isikhala esiseduze yinoma yiliphi ibanga elingaphansi kwamayintshi angu-18 futhi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa lapho uhlanganyela nozakwethu, umngane, ingane, noma umzali.
Isikhala somuntu siqu siyibanga lama-intshi angu-18 ukuya ku-4 futhi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa lapho uxhumana nabangane nabantu obajwayele abaseduze.
Indawo yomphakathi iyibanga elingamamitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-12 futhi imvamisa isetshenziswa lapho kuxhunywana nozakwabo, ofunda nabo, obajwayele, noma abantu ongabazi.
Indawo yomphakathi yinoma yiliphi ibanga elikhulu kunamafidi angu-12 futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa izinkulumo zomphakathi, izinkulumo, imikhankaso, njll.
5. Ukubukeka komuntu siqu
Ukubukeka komuntu siqu kubandakanya izingxenye ezimbili:
- Izici zomzimba
- Izinto zokusebenza
Izici zomzimba ezifana nokuma komzimba, ubude, isisindo njll ziyakwazi ukudlulisa imiyalezo. Asikwazi ukulawula ukuthi lezi zici ezibonakalayo ziyidlulisela kanjani imilayezo.
Izici zomzimba zidlala indima ebalulekile ekubonakaleni kokuqala. Abantu bangenza ukucabangela ngokusekelwe ezicini zomzimba wakho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto zobuciko ezifana nezingubo, ubucwebe, imidwebo yomzimba, izinwele zezinwele, izimoto njll zingathumela imilayezo kwabanye mayelana nokuthi singobani.
Isibonelo, amaSulumane (abesifazane) bagqoka ama-hijab ukuze bakhulume ngezinkolelo zabo zenkolo.
6. IziKronike
I-Chronemics isifundo sobudlelwano phakathi kwesikhathi nokuxhumana. Isikhathi siwuphawu olubalulekile olungakhulumi olungathinta ukuxhumana.
I-Chronemics ingathumela imilayezo kwabanye abantu mayelana nezinto esizazisayo kanye nezinto esingazazisi.
Isibonelo, isikhathi sakho sokuphendula ku-imeyili yokunikezwa komsebenzi singadlulisela izinga lakho lokungathí sina kumqashi. Impendulo sekwephuzile ingabonisa ukuthi awusazisi isithembiso somsebenzi.
7. Indawo Engokwemvelo
Indawo engokoqobo isho indawo ebonakalayo lapho ukuxhumana kwenzeka khona.
Indawo okuyo iyakwazi ukudlulisa ulwazi oluningi mayelana nobuntu bakho, isimo sakho sezezimali, umsebenzi, njll.
Isibonelo, ihhovisi elingcolile futhi eligcwele lizothumela imilayezo engalungile kusivakashi sakho. Isivakashi singase sicabange ukuthi awuyena umuntu ohlelekile.
Izinzuzo Zokuxhumana Okungakhulumi
Ngezansi ezinye zezinzuzo zokuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi:
- Okukholakala okwengeziwe
- Idlulisela ulwazi olwengeziwe
- Ifanele Abangafundile
- Sebenzisa isikhathi esincane
- Okuphazamisa kancane.
1. Okuthembekile
Ukungazikhetheli kokukhulumisana okungenazwi kwenza kuthembeke ukwedlula noma iyiphi enye indlela yokuxhumana. Abantu bavame ukuthembela kakhulu kumasignali angakhulumi phezu kwemilayezo yomlomo.
Izimpawu ezingasho lutho zilukhuni ukuzenzisa, okuzenza zithembeke kakhulu.
2. Idlulisa ulwazi olwengeziwe
Kunesaga esithi "Izenzo zikhuluma kakhulu kunamazwi." Lesi saga sikhombisa ukuthi izimpawu ezingasho lutho zingadlulisa imiyalezo eminingi kunamagama akhulunywayo.
Singathembela kakhulu kumasignali angakhulumi lapho imilayezo yomlomo nengakhulumi ingqubuzana.
Ngokwesibonelo, uma othile ethi “Ingabe uyisiphukuphuku?”, singase sigxile ephimbweni lezwi lomuntu ukuze sazi ukuthi lowo muntu uyancokola noma cha.
3. Ifanele Abangafundile
Ngaphandle kokuxhumana okubonwayo, ukuxhumana okungenazwi kungenye indlela yokuxhumana elungele abangafundile.
Ukuxhumana okungenazwi kungasetshenziswa ukunqoba izithiyo zolimi. Izithiyo zolimi zenzeka lapho umuntu engaluqondi ulimi oluthile noma elahlekelwa ikhono lokukhuluma.
Ngokwesibonelo, izingane ezingakathuthuki amakhono olimi zingasebenzisa isimo sobuso ukuze zikhulume.
Ukuxhumana okungenazwi kulungele futhi abantu abayizithulu okungukuthi abantu abangakwazi ukukhuluma noma ukuzwa. Abantu abayizithulu bavame ukuxhumana besebenzisa ulimi lwezandla, oluyingxenye yokukhulumisana okungasho lutho.
4. Sebenzisa isikhathi esincane
Ukukhulumisana okungakhulunywanga ngomlomo kunciphisa ukumosha isikhathi. Izimpawu ezingasho lutho zingadlulisela imilayezo kumamukeli ngokushesha kunokuxhumana okubhaliwe noma ngomlomo.
Ngokungafani nokuxhumana okubhaliwe, ukuxhumana okungenazwi kudla isikhathi esincane, akumele uchithe isikhathi sakho udala noma uhlele imilayezo.
5. Ukuphazamisa kancane
Ezimweni lapho ukuxhumana ngamagama akhulunywayo kungase kuphazamise, ungasebenzisa izimpawu ezingasho lutho ukuze uxhumane.
Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa ukuthinta kwezandla ukuze ubonise umngane wakho ukuthi usukulungele ukuphuma emtatsheni wezincwadi.
Ukuxhumana okungakhulunywanga nakho kungasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinomsindo. Esikhundleni sokumemeza, ungakwazi ukudlulisa imilayezo kalula ngokusebenzisa izimpawu ezingakhulumi.
Imikhawulo Yokuxhumana Okungakhulumi
Nakuba ukuxhumana okungakhulumi kunezinzuzo eziningi, kunezinto ezimbi ezingeke zishaywe indiva. Njengezinye izindlela zokuxhumana, ukuxhumana okungakhulunywanga nakho kunezinkinga.
Ngezansi eminye Imikhawulo (ibubi) yokuxhumana okungasho lutho:
- Ngokuzithandela
- Okuningi Okungaqondakali
- Kunzima ukulawula
- Ukungabi namthetho
- Hhayi imfihlo
- Phikisa imiyalezo yomlomo.
1. Ngokuzenzekelayo
Imvelo yokungazikhetheli yokuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi ingaba inzuzo noma ibe yisibi.
Izikhathi eziningi asazi ukuthi siqala nini ukudlulisa imilayezo. Ngokwesibonelo, ungase unikine ikhanda ngenxa yokungakhululeki kodwa othile eduze kwakho angase acabange ukuthi awuvumelani nalokho akushoyo.
2. Okuningi Okungaqondakali
Izimpawu eziningi ezingasho lutho zingaba nezincazelo ezahlukene; lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuqonda umlayezo odluliswayo.
Imvelo engaqondakali yezimpawu ezingasho lutho izenza kube nzima ukuyiqonda futhi ngokuvamile iholela ekuchazeni okungalungile.
Njengoba amagama engasetshenziswa, umamukeli angase akuthole kunzima ukuhumusha ngokunembile imiyalezo edlulisiwe.
3. Kunzima ukulawula
Imvelo yokungazikhetheli yokuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi yenza kube nzima ukulawula. Nakuba singanquma ukuyeka ukuthumela imilayezo yomlomo, ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukumisa izimpawu ezingasho lutho.
Unamandla amancane noma awunawo amandla okulawula indlela abantu abazokwahlulela ngayo ngokusekelwe ekubukekeni kwakho. Isibonelo, e-Nigeria, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi noma ubani onobuciko bomzimba obukhulu (ama-tattoos) ubandakanyeka emisebenzini engekho emthethweni.
4. Ukungabi namthetho
Ukuxhumana okungenazwi akukwazi ukusetshenziswa ezilungiselelweni zomsebenzi ngoba akuhlelekile futhi akunasakhiwo. Ezilungiselelweni zobungcweti, ukuxhumana okubhaliwe nokukhulumayo kulungele ukusetshenziswa kunokuxhumana okungakhulumi.
Isibonelo, kuyoba luhlaza ukunqekuzisa ikhanda lapho umfundisi wakho ekubuza umbuzo. Ngokufanayo, ungasebenzisa isithupha ukuze ubonise ukuthi "kulungile."
5. Ayifihli
Izimpawu ezingasho lutho ziyakwazi ukukhipha imizwelo noma imizwa yethu. Isimo sobuso nezinye izimpawu ezingasho lutho zingavuza imilayezo ofuna ukuyigcina kuwe.
Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ophatheke kabi angatshela othile ukuthi ujabule, kodwa isimo sobuso sakhe siyobonisa ukuthi akajabule.
6. Phikisa imiyalezo yomlomo
Nakuba izimpawu ezingakhulumi zingasetshenziswa ukuze zigcwalise imiyalezo yomlomo, zingase ziphikise imiyalezo yomlomo.
Izimpawu ezingasho lutho, ikakhulukazi uma zisetshenziswa ungaqaphile zingase zidlulisele imilayezo engahambisani nalokho umuntu akushoyo.
Izindlela Zokuthuthukisa Amakhono Akho Okuxhumana Okungakhulumi
Singakwazi ukuxhumana ngaphandle kokukhuluma njengoba senza ngamagama. Ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana ngaphandle kwamazwi kuzothuthukisa indlela oxhumana ngayo.
Ukuxhumana nezimpawu ezingasho lutho kungakhandla uma ungenawo amakhono adingekayo. Ungathuthukisa lawa makhono uma ulandela lawa macebiso:
1. Naka izimpawu ezingasho lutho
Izimpawu ezingasho lutho zingadlulisa imilayezo eminingi kunamagama akhulunywayo, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukunaka kakhulu izimpawu ezingasho lutho.
Njengoba unaka lokho umuntu akushoyo, zama futhi ukunaka izimpawu zomuntu ezingasho lutho njengokubheka amehlo, ukuthinta, iphimbo lezwi, ukuma komzimba, njll.
Uma amagama ehluleka ukudlulisa imilayezo yesikhulumi, kufanele uzibe osekushiwo futhi ugxile kuzimpawu ezingasho lutho.
Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu othukuthele angakutshela ukuthi ujabule kuyilapho ehwaqabala. Kulokhu, qaphela izimpawu zakhe ezingakhulumi.
2. Gcina ubheke emehlweni
Njalo gcina ukubheka emehlweni, kodwa gwema ukugqolozela. Ukugcina ubheke emehlweni kubonisa ukuthi unentshisekelo kulokho okushiwo othile.
Kufanele uhlale ubheka emehlweni nakuba omunye umuntu engakubheki. Omunye umuntu angase abe namahloni noma angafuni ukubheka ubuso bakhe ngenxa yezinkolelo zamasiko.
Ukubheka emehlweni kungabonisa nokuthi uyazethemba ngomyalezo owudluliselayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulumi sibheke phansi phakathi nesethulo, izilaleli zaso zingacabanga ukuthi isikhulumi sinamahloni.
3. Gxila Kuphimbo Lwezwi
Iphimbo lakho liyakwazi ukudlulisa imiyalezo embalwa, kusukela kokungabi nasithakazelo kuye ekukhungathekeni, intukuthelo, ukukhathazeka, injabulo, njll.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kufanele uhlale uqaphela ithoni yakho futhi usebenzise amathoni ahlukene ngezilungiselelo ezahlukene.
Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukutshela othile ihlaya, kufanele usebenzise iphimbo elibhuqayo.
I-4. Buza imibuzo
Phakathi nezingxoxo, lapho omunye umuntu ethumela imilayezo exubile kufanele ubuze imibuzo ecacisayo, kunokugxumela esiphethweni.
Imilayezo exubile ithunyelwa uma izimpawu ezingakhulumi zingahambisani namagama akhulunywayo. Bangadida, ngakho-ke zizwe ukhululekile ukubuza imibuzo ecacisayo ukuze uthole ukuqonda okucacile komlayezo.
Ukubuza imibuzo ngesikhathi esifanele nakho kubonisa ukuthi ukulalela ngentshiseko lokho umuntu akushoyo.
5. Bhekani amasignali angakhulumi njengeqembu
Kufanele ubheke amasiginali angasho lutho njengeqembu, kunokuhumusha inkomba eyodwa engasho lutho.
Ukufunda incazelo eningi ekhoneni elilodwa elingasho lutho kungaholela ekuchazeni okungeyikho futhi kungase kuthinte ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo.
Ezikhathini eziningi, inkomba eyodwa engasho lutho ingase ingadlulisi noma yimuphi umlayezo noma idlulise umlayezo ongalungile. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi uhumushe wonke amasiginali ongakhulumi owamukelayo.
6. Qaphela ukuma komzimba wakho
Ukuma komzimba wakho nokunyakaza nakho kuyakwazi ukudlulisa izinkulungwane zemiyalezo.
Qaphela ukuma komzimba wakho futhi uqiniseke ukuthi awudlulisi imilayezo engemihle. Isibonelo, i-slouching ibonisa ukuthi awunandaba nalokho umuntu akushoyo.
Gwema ukusebenzisa ulimi lomzimba oluvaliwe, esikhundleni salokho gcina ulimi lomzimba oluvulekile njengezingalo ezingaphambanisiwe, imilenze engaphambanisiwe, ukuma uqonde, njll.
7. Sebenzisa isimo sobuso bakho
Ubuso bethu bungabonisa imizwa embalwa. Ucwaningo luqinisekisile ukuthi ubuso bomuntu bungabelana izinkulumo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingaphezu kuka-16.
Ungasebenzisa isimo sobuso bakho ukuze utshele abanye abantu ngemizwa yakho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumomotheka kubonisa ukuthi ujabule. Ngokufanayo, ukuhwaqabala kwakubonisa ukuthi udabukile noma uthukuthele.
Ngaphezu kwamathiphu angenhla, kufanele uhlale uzijwayeza. Njengawo wonke amanye amakhono, kufanele uzijwayeze ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana angakhulumi.
Siphakamisa futhi:
- Amakhono Okuxhumana Okulalela: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele
- Amakhono Okuxhumana Okubhaliwe: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele
- Amakhono Okuxhumana Ngezwi: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele
- Ishadi Lesikolo Se-GMAT: Konke Okufanele Ukwazi Namathiphu Okusebenzisa Alula
- 30 Izinzuzo kanye Nobubi Bokufunda Izincwadi
Isiphetho
Amagama angahluleka kodwa izimpawu ezingasho lutho azihluleki neze. Siyakwazi ukudlulisa izinkulungwane zemilayezo nemizwelo ngokusebenzisa izimpawu ezingasho lutho.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhulumisana ngaphandle kwamazwi kunezinkinga ezithile, osekuxoxwe ngazo kakade kulesi sihloko.
Noma ukuxhumana okungenazwi kungeke kusetshenziswe kwezinye izimo, asikwazi ukungazinaki izinzuzo zako eziningi. Udinga ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi ukuze ujabulele lezi zinzuzo.
Sesivele sabelane ngamathiphu angakusiza ukuthi uthuthukise noma uthuthukise amakhono okuxhumana ngaphandle kwamazwi. Uma kwenzeka, ukuthola kunzima ukusebenzisa lawa macebiso, zizwe ukhululekile ukuphonsa imibuzo yakho mayelana namathiphu nezinye izihloko okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko, esigabeni sokuphawula.