Kukhala ndi luso lolankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu ndikofunikira kuti kulumikizana bwino. Nthawi zambiri, mawu osagwiritsa ntchito mawu amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosazindikira komanso mosazindikira popereka mauthenga.
Kuyankhulana kosagwiritsa ntchito mawu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupereka zambiri kuposa njira zina zoyankhulirana. Albert Mehrabian akusonyeza kuti kulankhulana ndi 55% osanena mawu, 38% ongolankhula, ndi 7% olembedwa okha.
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri timadziwa kulankhulana ndi mawu ndi kulemba, kulankhulana kosalankhula kawirikawiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mosazindikira. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kukulitsa luso lolankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu kuti mupewe kulumikizana kosagwira ntchito.
Mu bukhuli, muphunzira tanthauzo la luso lolankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu, zitsanzo ndi mitundu ya kuyankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu, ubwino ndi malire a kulankhulana kosagwiritsa ntchito mawu, ndi momwe mungasinthire luso lanu loyankhulana popanda mawu.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
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Kulankhulana popanda mawu kumatanthauza njira yotumizira uthenga popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mawu, kaya olankhulidwa kapena olembedwa. Mumtundu uwu wolankhulirana, mauthenga amaperekedwa kudzera m'maso, kuyandikira, manja, maonekedwe, ndi zina zotero.
Maluso olankhulana osagwiritsa ntchito mawu ndi kuthekera kosunga ndikuzindikira ma siginecha osalankhula.
Encoding ndi kuthekera kofotokozera zakukhosi m'njira yomwe wolandila amatha kutanthauzira mauthengawo molondola.
Decoding ndi kuthekera kotengera zomwe zasungidwa ndikutanthauzira tanthauzo lake molondola malinga ndi zomwe wotumiza akufuna.
Mitundu ya Kuyankhulana Kwapakamwa
Pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ikuluikulu yakulankhulana popanda mawu, yomwe ndi:
1. Masewera a Kinesi
Kinesics imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito manja, mawonekedwe a thupi, kuyang'ana maso, ndi nkhope monga kulankhulana popanda mawu.
Zizindikiro
Manja amatha kugawidwa m'magulu a ma adapter, zizindikiro, ndi zithunzi.
Adapta:
Ma Adapter amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwangozi ndipo alibe tanthauzo lenileni kwa wotumiza ndi wolandira. Zimasonyeza kuti munthu akukumana ndi nkhawa kapena kusapeza bwino.
Makhalidwe amenewa akhoza kukhala odzisintha okha monga kutsokomola, kuchotsa kukhosi ndi zina kapena zinthu zina monga kukanikiza mafoni a m'manja, kusewera ndi cholembera, kugwira tsitsi, ndi zina zotero.
Zizindikiro:
Zizindikiro ndi manja okhala ndi matanthauzo enieni. Iwo akhoza kwathunthu m'malo mawu.
Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kugwedeza manja anu m’malo monena kuti “Tsopano” kapena “Moni.” Mofananamo, ku US, chala chachikulu chingalowe m'malo mwa mawu oti "Chabwino!"
Mosiyana ndi ma adapter, zizindikiro zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadala ndipo zimakhala ndi matanthauzo enieni kwa wotumiza ndi wolandira.
Ojambula
Ojambula ndi manja omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza mauthenga apakamwa omwe amatsagana nawo. Mosiyana ndi zizindikiro, Ojambula zithunzi alibe matanthauzo awoawo.
Mwachitsanzo, mungagwiritse ntchito manja posonyeza kukula kapena mawonekedwe a chinthu.
Kaimidwe ka Thupi
Maonekedwe a thupi ndi zizindikiro zopanda mawu zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito kufotokoza zakukhosi kwanu kapena kupereka zambiri.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya machitidwe a thupi, omwe ali otseguka komanso otsekedwa.
Maonekedwe otseguka angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyankhula momasuka kapena chidwi ndi zomwe wina akunena. Zitsanzo za mawonekedwe otseguka ndi miyendo yosapingasa, manja osapingasa, ndi zina.
Kaimidwe kotseka kungasonyeze mantha ndi kusowa chidwi ndi zomwe wina akunena. Zitsanzo za mawonekedwe otsekedwa ndi mikono yopingasa, miyendo yopingasa, mikono kutsogolo kwa thupi, ndi zina zotero.
Othandizira Diso
Oculesics ndi kuphunzira momwe machitidwe amaso amakhudzira kulumikizana. Kuyang'ana m'maso kumakhudza kwambiri kulumikizana.
Kuyang'ana m'maso (osayang'ana) kumasonyeza chidwi ndi zomwe munthu wina akunena. Ngakhale kusakhudzidwa kumatha kuzindikirika ngati palibe kukhudzana pang'ono kapena osayang'ana.
Maonekedwe a nkhope
Maonekedwe a nkhope amatanthauza kuyenda kwa minofu ya nkhope kuti ipereke mauthenga.
Nkhope zathu zimatha kuwonetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana monga chisangalalo, chisoni, mantha, mkwiyo, kusapeza, etc.
Mwachitsanzo, kukwinya nkhope kumasonyeza kuti mwakwiya. Mofananamo, nkhope yomwetulira imasonyeza kuti ndinu osangalala.
2. Haptics
Ma Haptics amatanthauza momwe anthu amalankhulirana kudzera mukugwirana. Ndiko kuphunzira kugwira ntchito ngati kulankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu.
Ma Haptics amatha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi, omwe ndi:
- Mulingo wogwira ntchito/Katswiri
- Mulingo wamagulu/Waulemu
- Ubwenzi/Kufunda mlingo
- Chikondi/Ubwenzi wapamtima
Kuperewera kwa luso lolankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu okhudzana ndi kukhudza kungayambitse zotsatira zoyipa. Mwachitsanzo, mukamakhudza mwamuna kapena mkazi mosayenera, mukhoza kulangidwa chifukwa chochita zachipongwe.
3. Mawu
Mawu, omwe amadziwikanso kuti paralanguage, amaphatikizapo kupereka uthenga kudzera mu mamvekedwe, kamvekedwe ka mawu, mphamvu ya mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu.
phula: Liwu limatanthauza kukwera kapena kutsika kwa mawu
Chimodzimodzi: Liwu ndi mmene mumalankhulira ndi munthu
Vuto: Kuchuluka kwa mawu kumayenderana ndi mphamvu, mphamvu, kukakamiza, kapena mphamvu ya mawu
Mlingo Wolankhula: Liwiro lakulankhula ndi liwiro lomwe mumalankhulira mwachitsanzo, kufulumira kapena kuchedwa kwa munthu kuyankhula
Zodzaza mawu: Mawu odzaza mawu ndi mawu kapena mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kuti wina wayima kaye kuti aganize.
4. Proxemics
Proxemics ndi kuphunzira momwe timagwiritsira ntchito malo ndi zotsatira zake pakulankhulana. Amatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito malo ndi mtunda ngati njira yolumikizirana.
Ma proxemics atha kugawidwa m'magawo anayi akuluakulu, omwe ali apamtima, aumwini, ochezera, komanso malo opezeka anthu onse.
Malo apamtima ndi mtunda uliwonse wosakwana mainchesi 18 ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi mnzanu, mnzanu, mwana, kapena kholo.
Malo aumwini ndi mtunda wa mainchesi 18 mpaka 4 mapazi ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi abwenzi komanso mabwenzi apamtima.
Malo ochezera ndi mtunda wa 4 mpaka 12 mapazi ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankhulana ndi anzanu, anzanu akusukulu, odziwana nawo, kapena osawadziwa.
Malo apagulu ndi mtunda uliwonse wopitilira 12 mapazi ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhula pagulu, maphunziro, kampeni, ndi zina zambiri.
5. Maonekedwe aumwini
Maonekedwe amunthu ali ndi magawo awiri:
- Makhalidwe akuthupi
- Zojambulajambula
Maonekedwe athupi monga mawonekedwe a thupi, kutalika, kulemera ndi zina amatha kutumiza mauthenga. Sitingathe kulamulira momwe mawonekedwe awa amaperekera mauthenga.
Maonekedwe a thupi amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakuwonera koyamba. Anthu amatha kupanga malingaliro potengera mawonekedwe a thupi lanu.
Kumbali ina, zinthu zakale monga zovala, zodzikongoletsera, zojambula, masitayelo atsitsi, magalimoto ndi zina zimatha kutumiza mauthenga kwa ena okhudza zomwe tili.
Mwachitsanzo, Asilamu (akazi) amavala hijab kuti afotokoze zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo.
6. Mbiri
Chronemics ndi kuphunzira kwa ubale pakati pa nthawi ndi kulumikizana. Nthawi ndi chinthu chofunikira chopanda mawu chomwe chingasokoneze kulankhulana.
Chronemics imatha kutumiza mauthenga kwa anthu ena okhudza zinthu zomwe timaona kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri komanso zomwe sitikuzikonda.
Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yanu yoyankhira ku imelo yopereka ntchito ikhoza kufotokozera momwe mukumvera kwa abwana anu. Kuyankha mochedwa kungasonyeze kuti simukuyamikira ntchitoyo.
7. Chilengedwe Chakuthupi
Malo akuthupi amatanthauza malo enieni omwe kulankhulana kumachitika.
Malo anu amatha kupereka zambiri zokhudza umunthu wanu, chuma chanu, ntchito yanu, ndi zina zotero.
Mwachitsanzo, ofesi yosokoneza komanso yodzaza anthu imatumiza mauthenga oipa kwa mlendo wanu. Mlendoyo angaganize kuti simuli munthu wadongosolo.
Ubwino Wolankhulana Nonverbal
M'munsimu muli ena mwa ubwino wa kulankhulana popanda mawu:
- Zodalirika
- Imapereka zambiri
- Ndioyenera kwa Osaphunzira
- Kuwononga nthawi yochepa
- Zosasokoneza kwenikweni.
1. Zodalirika
Kusadzidalira kwa kulankhulana popanda mawu kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yodalirika kuposa njira ina iliyonse yolankhulirana. Anthu nthawi zambiri amadalira kwambiri zizindikiro zosalankhula pa mauthenga a pakamwa.
Zizindikiro zosagwirizana ndi mawu ndizovuta kunena zabodza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zodalirika.
2. Imapereka zambiri
Pali mwambi wakuti "Zochita zimalankhula mokweza kuposa mawu." Mwambiwu ukuwonetsa kuti mawu osalankhula amatha kupereka mauthenga ambiri kuposa mawu olankhulidwa.
Titha kudalira kwambiri ma siginecha opanda mawu pomwe mauthenga amawu ndi osalankhula akutsutsana.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati wina anena kuti “Kodi ndiwe wopusa?”, tikhoza kuyang’ana kwambiri kamvekedwe ka mawu a munthuyo kuti tidziwe ngati munthuyo akuchita nthabwala kapena ayi.
3. Ndioyenera kwa Osaphunzira
Kupatula kulankhulana kowonekera, kulankhulana kosalankhula ndi njira ina yolankhulirana yomwe ili yoyenera kwa anthu osaphunzira.
Kulankhulana popanda mawu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa zopinga za chinenero. Kulepheretsa chinenero kumachitika pamene munthu samvetsa chinenero china kapena akalephera kulankhula.
Mwachitsanzo, makanda amene sadziwa chinenero amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a nkhope polankhulana.
Kulankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu ndikoyeneranso kwa anthu osamva mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe sangathe kuyankhula kapena kumva. Nthawi zambiri anthu osamva amalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero chamanja, chomwenso ndi mbali ya kulankhulana popanda mawu.
4. Kuchepetsa nthawi
Kulankhulana mosalankhula kumachepetsa kuwononga nthawi. Mawu osagwiritsa ntchito mawu amatha kupereka mauthenga kwa wolandira mwachangu kuposa kulankhulana molemba kapena pakamwa.
Mosiyana ndi kuyankhulana kolemba, kulankhulana kosalankhula kumadya nthawi yochepa, simuyenera kutaya nthawi yanu kupanga kapena kusintha mauthenga.
5. Zosasokoneza
M'mikhalidwe yomwe kuyankhulana kudzera m'mawu olankhulidwa kumatha kusokoneza, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osalankhula kuti mulankhule.
Mwachitsanzo, mungagwiritse ntchito manja posonyeza mnzanu kuti mwakonzeka kuchoka mulaibulale.
Kulankhulana popanda mawu kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito m'malo okweza. M'malo mofuula, mutha kufalitsa mauthenga mosavuta kudzera m'mawu osagwiritsa ntchito mawu.
Zolepheretsa Kuyankhulana Kwapakamwa
Ngakhale kuti kulankhulana mopanda mawu kuli ndi ubwino wambiri, pali zovuta zina zomwe sitingathe kuzinyalanyaza. Mofanana ndi njira zina zolankhulirana, kulankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu kulinso ndi zovuta zake.
Pansipa pali zina mwazolepheretsa (zoyipa) za kulumikizana kosagwiritsa ntchito mawu:
- Mwaulesi
- Zambiri Zosamvetsetseka
- Zovuta kuzilamulira
- Kupanda mwambo
- Osati mobisa
- Kutsutsana ndi mauthenga apakamwa.
1. Mongodzipereka
Kulankhula mosadzidalira kungakhale kopindulitsa kapena kosapindulitsa.
Nthawi zambiri sitidziwa nthawi yomwe timayamba kutumiza mauthenga. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kugwedeza mutu chifukwa cha kusapeza bwino koma wina amene ali pafupi nanu angaganize kuti simukugwirizana nazo zimene akunena.
2. Zambiri Zosamveka
Zizindikiro zambiri zopanda mawu zimatha kukhala ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana; izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kumvetsetsa uthenga woperekedwa.
Kusamvetsetseka kwa zizindikiro zambiri zopanda mawu kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzimvetsetsa ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kutanthauzira molakwika.
Popeza palibe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu, wolandirayo angavutike kumasulira molondola mauthenga operekedwawo.
3. Zovuta kuzilamulira
Kusadzidalira kwa kulankhulana popanda mawu kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kulamulira. Ngakhale kuti tingasankhe kusiya kutumiza mauthenga apakamwa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosatheka kuletsa mawu osalankhula.
Muli ndi mphamvu zochepa kapena mulibe mphamvu pa momwe anthu angakuweruzeni malinga ndi maonekedwe anu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Nigeria, anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti aliyense amene ali ndi zojambulajambula zazikulu (zojambula) amachita zinthu zosaloledwa.
4. Kupanda mwambo
Kuyankhulana kosagwiritsa ntchito mawu sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito pazantchito chifukwa sikokhazikika komanso kulibe dongosolo. M'malo mwa akatswiri, kulankhulana kolemba ndi pakamwa ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kusiyana ndi kulankhulana mopanda mawu.
Mwachitsanzo, kudzakhala mwano kugwedeza mutu pamene mphunzitsi wanu akufunsani funso. Momwemonso, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chala chachikulu kuti muwonetse "chabwino."
5. Osabisa
Mawu osalankhula amatha kutulutsa malingaliro athu kapena malingaliro athu. Maonekedwe a nkhope ndi zina zosagwirizana ndi mawu zimatha kutulutsa mauthenga omwe mukufuna kuti musawadziwe.
Mwachitsanzo, munthu wachisoni angauze wina kuti ali wosangalala, koma nkhope yake ingasonyeze kuti sakusangalala.
6. Kutsutsana ndi mauthenga apakamwa
Ngakhale kuti mawu osagwiritsa ntchito mawu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandizira mauthenga apakamwa, amathanso kutsutsana ndi mauthenga apakamwa.
Mawu osagwiritsa ntchito mawu, makamaka akagwiritsidwa ntchito mosazindikira amatha kupereka mauthenga osagwirizana ndi zomwe munthu akunena.
Njira Zokulitsira Luso Lanu Lolankhulana Mopanda Mawu
Titha kulankhulana mopanda mawu monga momwe timachitira ndi mawu. Kukulitsa luso lolankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu kumakulitsa momwe mumalankhulirana.
Kulankhulana ndi mawu osalankhula kungakhale kotopetsa ngati mulibe luso lofunikira. Mutha kukulitsa lusoli mukatsatira malangizo awa:
1. Samalani ndi zizindikiro zopanda mawu
Zizindikiro zosagwirizana ndi mawu zimatha kupereka mauthenga ambiri kuposa mawu olankhulidwa, choncho m'pofunika kumvetsera kwambiri zizindikiro zosalankhula.
Pamene mukumvetsera zomwe munthuyo akunena, yesaninso kumvetsera zizindikiro za munthuyo monga kuyang'ana maso, manja, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kaimidwe ka thupi, ndi zina zotero.
Pamene mawu akulephera kupereka uthenga wa wokamba nkhani, muyenera kunyalanyaza zomwe zanenedwa ndikuyang'ana pa zizindikiro zopanda mawu.
Mwachitsanzo, munthu wokwiya akhoza kukuuzani kuti ali wokondwa pamene akukwinya. Pankhaniyi, tcherani khutu ku zizindikiro zake zopanda mawu.
2. Pitirizani kuyang'ana maso
Nthawi zonse muziyang'ana maso, koma pewani kuyang'ana. Kuyang'ana m'maso kumasonyeza kuti mumakonda zomwe wina akunena.
Muyenera kuyang'anabe maso ngakhale winayo sakuyang'anani. Winayo angakhale wamanyazi kapena safuna kuyang’anizana ndi maso chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro za chikhalidwe chawo.
Kuyang’ana m’maso kungasonyezenso kuti mumakhulupirira uthenga umene mukupereka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wokamba nkhani akuyang’ana pansi pokamba nkhani, omvera ake angaganize kuti wokamba nkhaniyo ndi wamanyazi.
3. Muziganizira za Kamvekedwe ka Mawu
Kamvekedwe ka mawu ako kamatha kupereka mauthenga angapo, kuyambira kusasangalatsidwa mpaka kukhumudwa, mkwiyo, nkhawa, chisangalalo, ndi zina zambiri.
Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi zonse muyenera kudziwa kamvekedwe kanu ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma toni osiyanasiyana pazosintha zosiyanasiyana.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kuuza munthu nthabwala, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawu achipongwe.
4. Funsani Mafunso
Pokambirana, munthu wina akatumiza mauthenga osiyanasiyana muyenera kufunsa mafunso omveka bwino, m'malo mongodumphira kumapeto.
Mauthenga osakanizidwa amatumizidwa pamene mawu osalankhula sakugwirizana ndi mawu olankhulidwa. Amatha kusokoneza, choncho khalani omasuka kufunsa mafunso omveka bwino kuti mumvetse bwino uthengawo.
Kufunsa mafunso pa nthawi yoyenera kumasonyezanso kuti mukumvetsera mwachidwi zimene munthuyo akunena.
5. Yang'anani zizindikiro zopanda mawu monga gulu
Muyenera kuyang'ana ma siginecha osalankhula ngati gulu, m'malo motanthauzira mawu amodzi osalankhula.
Kuwerenga matanthauzo ambiri m'mawu amodzi osalankhula kungayambitse kutanthauzira molakwika ndipo kungasokoneze kulankhulana kwabwino.
Nthawi zambiri, chizindikiro chimodzi chokha sichikhoza kupereka uthenga uliwonse kapena kupereka uthenga wolakwika. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zonse muyenera kutanthauzira zikwangwani zonse zomwe mumalandira.
6. Ganizirani momwe thupi lanu limakhalira
Maonekedwe a thupi lanu ndi mayendedwe amathanso kutumiza mauthenga masauzande ambiri.
Samalani momwe thupi lanu likukhalira ndipo onetsetsani kuti silikupereka mauthenga oipa. Mwachitsanzo, slouching amasonyeza kuti mulibe chidwi ndi zomwe munthu akunena.
Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo zotsekeka, m'malo mwake khalani omasuka monga manja osapingasa, miyendo yosapingasa, kuyimirira molunjika, ndi zina.
7. Gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe a nkhope yanu
Nkhope zathu zimatha kuwonetsa malingaliro angapo. Kafukufuku adatsimikizira kuti nkhope za anthu zimatha kugawana mawu opitilira 16 ovuta.
Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a nkhope yanu kuuza anthu ena zakukhosi kwanu. Mwachitsanzo, kumwetulira kumasonyeza kuti ndinu wosangalala. Mofananamo, kukwinya tsinya kumasonyeza kuti muli ndi chisoni kapena kukwiya.
Kuwonjezera pa malangizo pamwamba, muyenera kuchita nthawi zonse. Monga luso lina lililonse, muyenera kuyesetsa kukhala ndi luso lolankhulana mosagwiritsa ntchito mawu.
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Kutsiliza
Mawu amatha kulephera koma mawu osalankhula salephera. Timatha kupereka zikwizikwi za mauthenga ndi malingaliro kudzera m'mawu osagwiritsa ntchito mawu.
Komabe, kulankhulana mopanda mawu kuli ndi zovuta zina, zomwe zafotokozedwa kale m’nkhaniyi.
Ngakhale kuti kulankhulana popanda mawu sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zina, sitinganyalanyaze ubwino wake wambiri. Muyenera kukulitsa luso lolankhulana popanda mawu kuti musangalale ndi izi.
Tagawana kale maupangiri omwe angakuthandizeni kukonza kapena kukulitsa luso lolankhulana popanda mawu. Zikatero, mukupeza kukhala kovuta kugwiritsa ntchito malangizowa, omasuka kusiya mafunso okhudza malangizowo ndi mitu ina yomwe takambirana m'nkhaniyi, mu Gawo la Ndemanga.